Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practices developed in 1954 by American author L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86). Hubbard initially developed a program of. Background An important medical concern of the Iraq war is the potential long-term effect of mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, particularly from blast.

Scientology - Wikipedia. Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practices developed in 1. American author L. Ron Hubbard (1. 91. Hubbard initially developed a program of ideas called Dianetics, which was distributed through the Dianetics Foundation. The foundation soon entered bankruptcy, and Hubbard lost the rights to his seminal publication Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology,[4] retaining the terminology, doctrines, the E- meter, and the practice of auditing.[5][6] Within a year, he regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.[7][8][9][1.

Hubbard describes the etymology of the word Scientology as coming from the Latin word "scio", meaning know or distinguish, and the Greek word “logos”, meaning “the word or outward form by which the inward thought is expressed and made known”. Hubbard writes, “thus, Scientology means knowing about knowing, or science of knowledge”.[1. Hubbard's groups have encountered considerable opposition and controversy.[1. In January 1. 95. New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against Dianetics Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license.[1. Hubbard's followers engaged in a program of criminal infiltration of the U. S. government.[1.

Hubbard- inspired organizations and their classification are often a point of contention. Germany classifies Scientology groups as an "anti- constitutional sect".[1.

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In France, they have been classified as a dangerous cult by some parliamentary reports.[2. History. L. Ron Hubbard.

Lts (jg) L. Ron Hubbard and Thomas S. Moulton in Portland, Oregon in 1. L. Ron Hubbard (1. Harry Ross Hubbard, a United States Navy officer, and his wife, Ledora Waterbury. Hubbard spent three semesters at George Washington University but was placed on probation in September 1. He failed to return for the fall 1.

In July 1. 94. 1, Hubbard was commissioned as a Lieutenant (junior grade) in the U. S. Naval Reserve.

On May 1. 8, 1. 94. Portland. That night, Hubbard ordered his crew to fire 3.

Japanese submarines.[2. His ship sustained minor damage and three crew were injured. Having run out of depth charges and with the presence of a submarine still unconfirmed by other ships, Hubbard's ship was ordered back to port. A navy report concluded that "there was no submarine in the area." A decade later, Hubbard claimed he had sunk a Japanese submarine in his Scientology lectures.[2. On June 2. 8, 1. 94. Hubbard ordered his crew to fire on the Coronado Islands.

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Hubbard apparently did not realize that the islands belonged to US- allied Mexico, nor that he had taken his vessel into Mexican territorial waters.[3. He was reprimanded and removed from command on July 7.[3. After reassignment to a naval facility in Monterey, California, Hubbard became depressed and fell ill.

Reporting stomach pains in April 1. Oak Knoll Naval Hospital in Oakland, California.[3. According to his later teachings, during this time Hubbard made scientific "breakthroughs" by use of "endocrine experiments".[3. On October 1. 5, 1. Hubbard wrote a letter to the Veterans Administration formally requesting psychiatric treatment, but admitted that he was unable to afford it.[3.

Within a few years, Hubbard would condemn psychiatry as evil, which would grow into a major theme in Scientology. Excalibur and Babalon Working. In April 1. 93. 8, Hubbard reportedly reacted to a drug used in a dental procedure. According to his account, this triggered a revelatory near- death experience. Allegedly inspired by this experience, Hubbard composed a manuscript, which was never published, with the working titles of "The One Command" or Excalibur.[3. The contents of Excalibur formed the basis for some of his later publications.[3.

Arthur J. Burks, who read the work in 1. This theme would be revisited in Dianetics, the set of ideas and practices regarding the metaphysical relationship between the mind and body which became the central philosophy of Scientology.[3. Hubbard later cited Excalibur as an early version of Dianetics.[3. In August 1. 94. 5, Hubbard moved into the Pasadena mansion of John "Jack" Whiteside Parsons, an avid occultist and Thelemite, follower of the English ceremonial magician Aleister Crowley and leader of a lodge of Crowley's magical order, Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO).[3. Parsons and Hubbard collaborated on the "Babalon Working", a sex magic ritual intended to summon an incarnation of Babalon, the supreme Thelemite Goddess.[1. The Church of Scientology admits to Hubbard’s involvement with Parsons while claiming that it was for the purpose of naval intelligence.[4. In the late 1. 94.

Hubbard practiced as a hypnotist[4. Hollywood posing as a swami.[4. The Church says that Hubbard's experience with hypnosis led him to create Dianetics.[4. Dianetics. In May 1. Hubbard's Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science was published by pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction.[4. In the same year, he published the book- length Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, considered the seminal event of the century by Scientologists.[4. Scientologists sometimes use a dating system based on the book's publication; for example, "A.

D. 2. 5" does not stand for Anno Domini, but "After Dianetics".[5. Dianetics uses a counseling technique known as auditing in which an auditor assists a subject in conscious recall of traumatic events in the individual's past.[5. It was originally intended to be a new psychotherapy and was not expected to become the foundation for a new religion.[5.

Hubbard variously defined Dianetics as a spiritual healing technology and an organized science of thought.[5. The stated intent is to free individuals of the influence of past traumas by systematic exposure and removal of the engrams (painful memories) these events have left behind, a process called clearing.[5. Rutgers scholar Beryl Satter says that "there was little that was original in Hubbard's approach", with much of the theory having origins in popular conceptions of psychology.[5. Satter observes that in "keeping with the typical 1.

Hubbard promised that Dianetic treatment would release and erase psychosomatic ills and painful emotions, thereby leaving individuals with increased powers of rationality."[5. According to Gallagher and Ashcraft, in contrast to psychotherapy, Hubbard stated that Dianetics "was more accessible to the average person, promised practitioners more immediate progress, and placed them in control of the therapy process." Hubbard's thought was parallel with the trend of humanist psychology at that time, which also came about in the 1. Passas and Castillo write that the appeal of Dianetics was based on its consistency with prevailing values.[5. Shortly after the introduction of Dianetics, Hubbard introduced the concept of the "thetan" (or soul) which he claimed to have discovered. Watch My Name Is Lenny Streaming. Dianetics was organized and centralized to consolidate power under Hubbard, and groups that were previously recruited were no longer permitted to organize autonomously.[5. Two of Hubbard's key supporters at the time were John W.

Campbell Jr., the editor of Astounding Science Fiction, and Campbell's brother- in- law, physician Joseph A. Winter.[5. 9] Dr. Winter, hoping to have Dianetics accepted in the medical community, submitted papers outlining the principles and methodology of Dianetic therapy to the Journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1. Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health spent six months on the New York Times bestseller list.[1. According to religious studies professor Paul Gutjahr, Dianetics is the bestselling non- Christian religious book of the century.[5. Publisher's Weekly gave a posthumous plaque to Hubbard to commemorate Dianetics' appearance on its list of bestsellers for one hundred weeks.