Haptic technology - Wikipedia. Rumble packs for controllers, such as this Dreamcast Jump Pack, provide haptic feedback through user's hands. Haptic or kinesthetic communication recreates the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user.[1] This mechanical stimulation can be used to assist in the creation of virtual objects in a computer simulation, to control such virtual objects, and to enhance the remote control of machines and devices (telerobotics). Haptic devices may incorporate tactile sensors that measure forces exerted by the user on the interface.

Most researchers distinguish three sensory systems related to sense of touch in humans: cutaneous, kinesthetic and haptic.[2][3] All perceptions mediated by cutaneous and/or kinesthetic sensibility are referred to as tactual perception. The sense of touch may be classified as passive and active,[4] and the term "haptic" is often associated with active touch to communicate or recognize objects.[5]Haptic technology has made it possible to investigate how the human sense of touch works by allowing the creation of carefully controlled haptic virtual objects. The word haptic, from the Greek: ἁπτικός (haptikos), means "pertaining to the sense of touch" and comes from the Greek verb ἅπτεσθαιhaptesthai, meaning "to contact" or "to touch". History[edit]One of the earliest applications of haptic technology was in large aircraft that use servomechanism systems to operate control surfaces.[citation needed] Such systems tend to be "one- way", meaning external forces applied aerodynamically to the control surfaces are not perceived at the controls. Here, the missing normal forces are simulated with springs and weights. In lighter aircraft without servo systems, as the aircraft approached a stall the aerodynamic buffeting (vibrations) was felt in the pilot's controls.

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This was a useful warning of a dangerous flight condition. This control shake is not felt when servo control systems are used.

To replace this missing sensory cue, the angle of attack is measured and when it approaches the critical stall point, a stick shaker is engaged which simulates the response of a simpler control system. Alternatively, the servo force may be measured and the signal directed to a servo system on the control, known as force feedback. Force feedback has been implemented experimentally in some excavators and is useful when excavating mixed material such as large rocks embedded in silt or clay. It allows the operator to "feel" and work around unseen obstacles, enabling significant increases in productivity and less risk of damage to the machine. The first US patent for a tactile telephone was granted to Thomas D. Shannon in 1. 97. An early tactile man- machine communication system was constructed by A.

Michael Noll at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. In 1. 99. 4, Aura Systems launched the Interactor Vest, a wearable force- feedback device that monitors an audio signal and uses Aura's patented electromagnetic actuator technology to convert bass sound waves into vibrations that can represent such actions as a punch or kick. The Interactor vest plugs into the audio output of a stereo, TV, or VCR and the user is provided with controls that allow for adjusting of the intensity of vibration and filtering out of high frequency sounds.

The Interactor Vest is worn over the upper torso and the audio signal is reproduced through a speaker embedded in the vest. After selling 4. 00,0. Interactor Vest, Aura began shipping the Interactor Cushion, a device which operates like the Vest but instead of being worn, it's placed against a seat back and the user must lean against it.

Both the Vest and the Cushion were launched with a price tag of $9. In 1. 99. 5 Norwegian Geir Jensen described a wrist watch haptic device with a skin tap mechanism, termed Tap- in. It would connect to a mobile phone via Bluetooth. Tapping- frequency patterns would identify callers to a mobile and enable the wearer to respond by selected short messages. It was submitted for a governmental innovation contest and received no award. It was not pursued or published until recovered in 2. The Tap- in device by Jensen was devised facing the user to avoid twisting of the wrist, see image.

It would adapt across all mobile phone and watch brands. In 2. 01. 5 Apple started to sell a wrist watch which included skin tap sensing of notifications and alerts to mobile phone of the watch wearer. Implementation[edit]Vibration[edit]The majority of electronics offering haptic feedback use vibrations, and most use a type of eccentric rotating mass (ERM) actuator, consisting of an unbalanced weight attached to a motor shaft. As the shaft rotates, the spinning of this irregular mass causes the actuator, and in turn, the attached device, to shake. Some newer devices, such as Apple's notebooks and i. Watch In Good Company Online Hulu.

Phones featuring the "Taptic Engine", accomplish their vibrations with a linear resonant actuator (LRA), which moves a mass in a reciprocal manner by means of a magnetic voice coil, similar to how speaker technology translates DC electrical signals into motion of its speaker cone. LRAs are capable of quicker response times than ERMs, and thus are able to transmit more accurate haptic imagery. Piezoelectric actuators are also employed to produce vibrations, and offer even more precise motion with less noise and in a smaller platform, but require higher voltages than the ERM and LRA implementations, and may be more fragile.

Force Feedback[edit]Some devices use motors to manipulate the movement of a peripheral held by the user. A common use is in automobile driving video games and simulators, which turn the steering wheel to simulate forces found when cornering a real vehicle.

In 2. 00. 7, Novint released the Falcon, the first consumer 3. D touch device with high resolution three- dimensional force feedback; this allowed the haptic simulation of objects, textures, recoil, momentum, and the physical presence of objects in games.[1. Non- contact haptic technology[edit]Non- contact, or mid- air, haptic technology utilizes the sense of touch without physical contact of a device. This type of feedback involves interactions with a system that are in a 3.

D space around the user. Thus, the user is able to perform actions on a system in the absence of holding a physical input device. Air vortex rings[edit]Air vortex rings are donut- shaped air pockets that are concentrated gusts of air. Focused air vortices can have the force to blow out a candle or disturb papers from a few yards away. Two specific companies have done research using air vortices as a source for non- contact haptic feedback.[citation needed]Disney research[edit]In 2. Disney worked on a technology they called AIREAL. This system delivered non- contact haptic feedback through the use of air vortex rings.

According to Disney, AIREAL helps users experience textures and "touch" virtual 3. D objects in free space. This is all without the need for a glove or any other type of physical haptic feedback. Disney took on this research because they believed that technology is advancing towards more virtual or augmented reality applications.

According to Disney, the missing piece in this emerging computer- augmented world is the absence of physical feeling of virtual objects. Disney's main intention for this research was to encourage other research regarding new applications of non- contact haptic feedback.[1.

Microsoft[edit]In 2. Microsoft explored the same area as Disney. They used air vortex rings in order to try and provide haptic feedback for an at- a- distance interaction. Microsoft mostly focused on the study of vortex formation theory and parameters that will provide the most effective air vortex ring that will impart haptic feedback onto the user. Microsoft concluded that in order to get the best experience from the air vortex rings, the aperture size that produces the rings does not constrain the design. However, the L/D Ratio is the most useful measurement.